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As part of the LGBTIQ Youth Net project, we have compiled a collection of academic articles that examine the serious issue of hate speech, with a focus on its impact on LGBTIQ communities. This compilation is intended to support education, research, and advocacy work.

The articles cover a wide range of topics, including the psychological effects of online hate, methods for identifying and moderating harmful content, and the relationship between online speech and real-world violence. All selected resources approach the topic critically and respectfully, without promoting homophobic, transphobic, or otherwise harmful views.

This resource is designed to assist young people, researchers, educators, and organisations in understanding the challenges posed by hate speech, while also offering insights into how technology, policy, and community actions can address these issues.

Each article listed below has been carefully chosen for its academic quality, relevance, and alignment with the goals of creating safer, more inclusive online and offline spaces for LGBTIQ individuals.

"Tracin​g the Forms of Online Hate Speech Targeting LGBTQ+ and Muslim Communities in Finland"
Authors: M. Koiranen, et al
Journal: New Media & Society
Year: 2024
Summary: This study investigates online hate speech in Finland, particularly Twitter messages targeting people of Muslim faith and the LGBTQ+ community.

"Online Hate Speech Victimization: Consequences for Victims' Feelings of Insecurity Outside the Internet"
Authors: S. Baier & M. Stahel
Journal: Crime Science
Year: 2023
Summary: This paper addresses whether and to what extent the experience of online hate speech affects victims' sense of security.

"The Ha​rmful Effects of Online and Offline Anti-LGBTI Hate Speech"
Authors: S. Nyman & A. Provozin
Institution: Linnaeus University
Year: 2019
Summary: This study explores the harmful effects of online and offline anti-LGBTI hate speech, focusing on psychological distress and restrictions on freedom.

"Dataset for Identification of Queerphobia"
Authors: Shivum Banerjee, Hieu Nguyen
Journal: Journal of Student Research, 12(1)
Publication Date: 28 February 2023
Summary: This study highlights the lack of available datasets to support the detection of queerphobic hate speech online. The authors created a dataset of 10,000 manually annotated YouTube comments from videos representing queerness. Using natural language processing techniques and machine learning classifiers, they provide a baseline for automated identification of queerphobic comments, aiming to improve moderation and reduce harm towards queer individuals online.




"Bridging the Gap in Online Hate Speech Detection: A Comparative Analysis of BERT and Traditional Models for Homophobic Content Identification on X/Twitter"
Authors: J. McGiff & N. S. Nikolov
Platform: arXiv
Year: 2024
Summary: This study compares BERT and traditional models for detecting homophobic content on Twitter, highlighting the effectiveness of advanced language models.







"From Online Hate Speech to Offline Hate Crime: The Role of Inflammatory Language in Forecasting Violence Against Migrant and LGBT Communities"
Authors: Carlos Arcila Calderón, Patricia Sánchez Holgado, Jesús Gómez, Marcos Barbosa, Haodong Qi, Alberto Matilla, Pilar Amado, Alejandro Guzmán, Daniel López-Matías, Tomás Fernández-Villazala
Journal: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
Year: 2024
Summary: This article examines the link between online hate speech and offline hate crimes in Spain. By analysing social media posts and police reports from 2016–2018, the authors show that rises in inflammatory online language can predict violence against migrant and LGBT communities.

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